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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li>

<li><a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li>

<li><a href="UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>A <b>software development process</b> prescribes a process for <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">developing</a> <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>. It typically divides an overall effort into smaller steps or sub-processes that are intended to ensure high-quality results. The process may describe specific <a href="Deliverable" title="Deliverable">deliverables</a> – artifacts to be created and completed.<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although not strictly limited to it, software development process often refers to the high-level process that governs the development of a software system from its beginning to its end of life – known as a methodology, model or framework. The <a href="System_development_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System development life cycle">system development life cycle</a> (SDLC) describes the typical phases that a development effort goes through from the beginning to the end of life for a system – including a software system. A methodology prescribes how <a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> go about their work in order to move the system through its life cycle. A methodology is a classification of processes or a blueprint for a process that is devised for the SDLC. For example, many processes can be classified as a spiral model.

</p><p>Software process and <a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">software quality</a> are closely interrelated; some unexpected facets and effects have been observed in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-ieeesw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeesw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2></div>

<p>The SDLC drives the definition of a methodology in that a methodology must address the phases of the SDLC. Generally, a methodology is designed to result in a high-quality system that meets or exceeds expectations (requirements) and is delivered on time and within budget even though computer systems can be complex and integrate disparate components.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various methodologies have been devised, including <a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a>, <a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">spiral</a>, <a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile</a>, <a href="Software_prototyping#Throwaway_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, <a href="Incremental_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Incremental development">incremental</a>, and synchronize and stabilize.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A major difference between methodologies is the degree to which the phases are sequential vs. iterative. Agile methodologies, such as <a href="Extreme_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Programming">XP</a> and <a href="Scrum_(development)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrum (development)">scrum</a>, focus on lightweight processes that allow for rapid changes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative</a> methodologies, such as <a href="Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">Rational Unified Process</a> and <a href="Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">dynamic systems development method</a>, focus on stabilizing project scope and iteratively expanding or improving products. Sequential or big-design-up-front (BDUF) models, such as waterfall, focus on complete and correct planning to guide larger projects and limit risks to successful and predictable results.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Anamorphic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic development">Anamorphic development</a> is guided by project scope and adaptive iterations. In scrum,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, one could say a single user story goes through all the phases of the SDLC within a two-week sprint. By contrast the waterfall methodology, where every business requirement is translated into feature/functional descriptions which are then all implemented typically over a period of months or longer.

</p><p>A project can include both a <a href="Project_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Project life cycle">project life cycle</a> (PLC) and an SDLC, which describe different activities. According to Taylor (2004), "the project life cycle encompasses all the activities of the <a href="Project" title="Project">project</a>, while the systems development life cycle focuses on realizing the product <a href="Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>The term <i>SDLC</i> is often used as an abbreviated version of <i>SDLC methodology</i>. Further, some use <i>SDLC</i> and <i>traditional SDLC</i> to mean the waterfall methodology.

</p><p>According to Elliott (2004), SDLC "originated in the 1960s, to develop large scale functional <a href="Business_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Business systems">business systems</a> in an age of large scale <a href="Business_conglomerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Business conglomerate">business conglomerates</a>. Information systems activities revolved around heavy <a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> and <a href="Number_crunching" class="mw-redirect" title="Number crunching">number crunching</a> routines".<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">structured systems analysis and design method</a> (SSADM) was produced for the UK government <a href="Office_of_Government_Commerce" title="Office of Government Commerce">Office of Government Commerce</a> in the 1980s. Ever since, according to Elliott (2004), "the traditional life cycle approaches to systems development have been increasingly replaced with alternative approaches and frameworks, which attempted to overcome some of the inherent deficiencies of the traditional SDLC".<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main idea of the SDLC has been "to pursue the development of information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, requiring each stage of the life cycle––from the inception of the idea to delivery of the final system––to be carried out rigidly and sequentially"<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the context of the framework being applied.

</p><p>Other methodologies were devised later:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured programming</a> since 1969</li>

<li><a href="Cap_Gemini_SDM" title="Cap Gemini SDM">Cap Gemini SDM</a>, originally from PANDATA, the first English translation was published in 1974. SDM stands for System Development Methodology</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">Structured systems analysis and design method</a> (SSADM) from 1980 onwards</li>

<li><a href="Soft_systems_methodology" title="Soft systems methodology">Information Requirement Analysis/Soft systems methodology</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) developed in the early 1960s and became a dominant programming approach during the mid-1990s</li>

<li><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a> (RAD), since 1991</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">Dynamic systems development method</a> (DSDM), since 1994</li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a>, since 1995</li>

<li><a href="Team_software_process" title="Team software process">Team software process</a>, since 1998</li>

<li><a href="Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">Rational Unified Process</a> (RUP), maintained by IBM since 1998</li>

<li><a href="Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a>, since 1999</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Agile_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Unified Process">Agile Unified Process</a> (AUP) maintained since 2005 by <a href="Scott_Ambler" title="Scott Ambler">Scott Ambler</a></li>

<li><a href="Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">Disciplined agile delivery</a> (DAD) Supersedes AUP</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Scaled_Agile_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaled Agile Framework">Scaled Agile Framework</a> (SAFe)</li>

<li><a href="Large-Scale_Scrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-Scale Scrum">Large-Scale Scrum</a> (LeSS)</li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li></ul>

<p>Since DSDM in 1994, all of the methodologies on the above list except RUP have been agile methodologies - yet many organizations, especially governments, still use pre-agile processes (often waterfall or similar).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

<p>The following are notable methodologies somewhat ordered by popularity.

</p>

<dl><dt>Agile</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a> refers to a group of frameworks based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve via collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. The term was coined in the year 2001 when the <a href="Agile_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Manifesto">Agile Manifesto</a> was formulated.

</p>

<dl><dt>Waterfall</dt></dl>

<p>The <a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a> is a sequential development approach, in which development flows one-way (like a waterfall) through the SDLC phases.

</p>

<dl><dt>Spiral</dt></dl>

<p>In 1988, <a href="Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a> published a software system development <a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">spiral model</a>, which combines key aspects of the waterfall model and <a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development"> rapid prototyping</a>, in an effort to combine advantages of <a href="Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design"> top-down and bottom-up</a> concepts. It emphases a key area many felt had been neglected by other methodologies: deliberate iterative risk analysis, particularly suited to large-scale complex systems.

</p>

<dl><dt>Incremental</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Various methods combine linear and iterative methodologies</a>, with the primary objective of reducing inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process.

</p>

<dl><dt>Prototyping</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Software prototyping</a> is about creating prototypes, i.e. incomplete versions of the software program being developed.

</p>

<dl><dt>Rapid</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a> (RAD) is a methodology which favors <a href="Iterative_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative development">iterative development</a> and the rapid construction of <a href="Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> instead of large amounts of up-front planning. The "planning" of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself. The lack of extensive pre-planning generally allows software to be written much faster and makes it easier to change requirements.

</p>

<dl><dt>Shape Up</dt></dl>

<p>Shape Up is a software development approach introduced by <a href="Basecamp_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basecamp (company)">Basecamp</a> in 2018. It is a set of principles and techniques that Basecamp developed internally to overcome the problem of projects dragging on with no clear end. Its primary target audience is remote teams. Shape Up has no estimation and velocity tracking, backlogs, or sprints, unlike <a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a>, <a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile</a>, or <a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">scrum</a>. Instead, those concepts are replaced with appetite, betting, and cycles. As of 2022, besides Basecamp, notable organizations that have adopted Shape Up include UserVoice and Block.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>Chaos</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Chaos_model" title="Chaos model">Chaos model</a> has one main rule: always resolve the most important issue first.

</p>

<dl><dt>Incremental funding</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Incremental_funding_methodology" title="Incremental funding methodology">Incremental funding methodology</a> - an iterative approach.

</p>

<dl><dt>Lightweight</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Lightweight_methodology" title="Lightweight methodology">Lightweight methodology</a> - a general term for methods that only have a few rules and practices.

</p>

<dl><dt>Structured systems analysis and design</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">Structured systems analysis and design method</a> - a specific version of waterfall.

</p>

<dl><dt>Slow programming</dt></dl>

<p>As part of the larger <a href="Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">slow movement</a>, emphasizes careful and gradual work without (or minimal) time pressures. Slow programming aims to avoid bugs and overly quick release schedules.

</p>

<dl><dt>V-Model</dt></dl>

<p><a href="V-Model_(software_development)" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Model (software development)">V-Model (software development)</a> - an extension of the waterfall model.

</p>

<dl><dt>Unified Process</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">Unified Process</a> (UP) is an iterative software development methodology framework, based on <a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML). UP organizes the development of software into four phases, each consisting of one or more executable iterations of the software at that stage of development: inception, elaboration, construction, and guidelines.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3></div>

<p>The waterfall model describes the SDLC phases such that each builds on the result of the previous one.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DJ03_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DJ03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EverettSoftware07_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EverettSoftware07-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UnhelkarTheArt16_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnhelkarTheArt16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LandPract12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandPract12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not every project requires that the phases be sequential. For relatively simple projects, phases may be combined or overlapping.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DJ03_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DJ03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative methodologies to waterfall are described and compared below.<sup id="cite_ref-Post,_G._2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post,_G._2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Comparison of methodologies

</caption>

</th>

<th>Waterfall

</th>

</th>

<th><a href="Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development"> Open source</a>

</th>

</th>

</th>

<th><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping"> proto-typing</a>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Control

</td>

<td>Formal

</td>

<td>MIS

</td>

<td>Weak

</td>

<td>Standards

</td>

<td>Joint

</td>

<td>User

</td>

<td>User

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Time frame

</td>

<td>Long

</td>

<td>Short

</td>

<td>Medium

</td>

<td>Any

</td>

<td>Medium

</td>

<td>Short

</td>

<td>Short

<p>–

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Users

</td>

<td>Many

</td>

<td>Few

</td>

<td>Few

</td>

<td>Varies

</td>

<td>Few

</td>

<td>One or two

</td>

<td>One

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>MIS staff

</td>

<td>Many

</td>

<td>Few

</td>

<td>Hundreds

</td>

<td>Split

</td>

<td>Few

</td>

<td>One or two

</td>

<td>None

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Transaction/<a href="Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">DSS</a>

</td>

<td>Transaction

</td>

<td>Both

</td>

<td>Both

</td>

<td>Both

</td>

<td>DSS

</td>

<td>DSS

</td>

<td>DSS

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Interface

</td>

<td>Minimal

</td>

<td>Minimal

</td>

<td>Weak

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

<td>Crucial

</td>

<td>Crucial

</td>

<td>Crucial

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Documentation and training

</td>

<td>Vital

</td>

<td>Limited

</td>

<td>Internal

</td>

<td>In Objects

</td>

<td>Limited

</td>

<td>Weak

</td>

<td>None

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Integrity and security

</td>

<td>Vital

</td>

<td>Vital

</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>In Objects

</td>

<td>Limited

</td>

<td>Weak

</td>

<td>Weak

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Reusability

</td>

<td>Limited

</td>

<td>Some

</td>

<td>Maybe

</td>

<td>Vital

</td>

<td>Limited

</td>

<td>Weak

</td>

<td>None

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_meta-models">Process meta-models</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Process_patterns" title="Process patterns">Process patterns</a></div>

<p>Some <a href="Process_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Process model">process models</a> are abstract descriptions for evaluating, comparing, and improving the specific process adopted by an organization.

</p>

<p><a href="ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">ISO/IEC 12207</a> is the international standard describing the method to select, implement, and monitor the life cycle for software.

</p>

<dl><dt>Capability Maturity Model Integration</dt></dl>

<p>The <a href="Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">Capability Maturity Model Integration</a> (CMMI) is one of the leading models and is based on best practices. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced <a href="Capability_Maturity_Model" title="Capability Maturity Model">CMM</a>.

</p>

<p><a href="ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</a> describes standards for a formally organized process to manufacture a product and the methods of managing and monitoring progress. Although the standard was originally created for the manufacturing sector, ISO 9000 standards have been applied to software development as well. Like CMMI, certification with ISO 9000 does not guarantee the quality of the end result, only that formalized business processes have been followed.

</p>

<p><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">ISO/IEC 15504</a> <i>Information technology—Process assessment</i>, a.k.a. Software Process Improvement Capability Determination (SPICE), is a framework for the assessment of software processes. This standard is aimed at setting out a clear model for process comparison. SPICE is used much like CMMI. It models processes to manage, control, guide, and monitor software development. This model is then used to measure what a development organization or project team actually does during software development. This information is analyzed to identify weaknesses and drive improvement. It also identifies strengths that can be continued or integrated into common practice for that organization or team.

</p>

<p><a href="ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">ISO/IEC 24744</a> <i>Software Engineering—Metamodel for Development Methodologies</i>, is a power type-based metamodel for software development methodologies.

</p>

<dl><dt>Soft systems methodology</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Soft_systems_methodology" title="Soft systems methodology">Soft systems methodology</a> is a general method for improving management processes.

</p>

<dl><dt>Method engineering</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Method_engineering" title="Method engineering">Method engineering</a> is a general method for improving information system processes.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-aided_software_engineering" title="Computer-aided software engineering">Computer-aided software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_development_philosophies" title="List of software development philosophies">List of software development philosophies</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_software_engineering" title="Outline of software engineering">Outline of software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">Software development effort estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Software documentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Software project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-LandPract12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LandPract12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLand,_S.K.Smith,_D.B.Walz,_J.W.2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Susan_K._Land" title="Susan K. Land">Land, S.K.</a>; Smith, D.B.; Walz, J.W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsBF_lVbK_gC&pg=PA341"><i>Practical Support for Lean Six Sigma Software Process Definition: Using IEEE Software Engineering Standards</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">341–</span>3. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470289952</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Post,_G._2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Post,_G._2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Post, G., & Anderson, D., (2006). <i>Management information systems: Solving business problems with information technology</i>. (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_development_methodology" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software development methodology">Software development methodology</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/CMS-Information-Technology/XLC/Downloads/SelectingDevelopmentApproach.pdf">Selecting a development approach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102182947/http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/CMS-Information-Technology/XLC/Downloads/SelectingDevelopmentApproach.pdf">Archived</a> January 2, 2019, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at cms.hhs.gov.</li>

<li>Gerhard Fischer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~gerhard/papers/isfst2001.pdf">"The Software Technology of the 21st Century: From Software Reuse to Collaborative Software Design"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915033939/http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~gerhard/papers/isfst2001.pdf">Archived</a> September 15, 2009, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2001</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

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